ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF KASHMIR

List of Illustrations

• Plate I: MANASBAL LAKE
• Plate II: PAHALGAM VALLEY
• Plate III: PICKING SAFFRON AT PAMPUR
• Plate IV: SANKARACHARYA HILL
• Plate V: SANKARACHARYA TEMPLE
• Plate VI: KHANQAH OF SHAH HAMADAN
• Plate VII: PATTHAR MASJID
• Plate VIII: MAUSOLEUM OF ZAIN-UL-ABIDIN'S MOTHER
• Plate IX: JAMA MASJID
• Plate X: JAMA MASJID: SPIRE OF A MINAR
• Plate XI: HARI PARBAT HILL, FORT, AND RAMPART
• Plate XII: MOSQUE OF AKHUN MULLA SHAH
• Plate XIII: NISHAT BAGH
• Plate XIV: SHALIMAR BAGH
• Plate XV: HARWAN: GENERAL VIEW OF EXCAVATIONS; LOWER TERRACE
• Plate XVI: HARWAN: TRIPLE BASE OF STUPA IN DIAPER-RUBBLE STYLE .
• Plate XVII: HARWAN: FRAGMENT OF WALL IN PEBBLE STYLE
• Plate XVIII: HARWAN TERRACOTTA PLAQUES SHOWING MINIATURE STUPAS
• Plate XIX: HARWAN: WALL OF APSIDAL TEMPLE IN DIAPER-PEBBLE STYLE, WITH PORTION OF TILE PAVEMENT
• Plate XX: HARWAN: CLOSER VIEW OF TILE PAVEMENT IN SITU
• Plate XXI: HARWAN: TILE-COVERED COURTYARD AND PLATFORM
• HARWAN: VARIETIES OF MOTIFS ON TILES
• Plate XXII:

1. Above: a row of conventional cocks in medallions. Below: two pairs of men and women facing each other in a balcony.
2. Above: men and women seated in a balcony. The workmanship of these figures is remarkably delicate and the features are better delineated than in the preceding group. Middle: three ascetics in the "kakasana" - i.e. "crow posture." Below: geese holding stalks of half-blown lotuses in their bills. Kharoshthi numerals: 20, 20, 1 = 41.
• Plate XXIII:

3. Above: man and woman facing each other, seated in a balcony. The man holds in his left hand a lotus bud. The coarse features, low receding forehead, high cheek-bones, and prominent noses of both man and woman are noteworthy. Below: on a horse fully accoutred, horseman in armour riding at full gallop and drawing his bow. On his right side, attached to the saddle, hangs his quiver. Two ends of drapery flutter at his back. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 4, 10 = 15.
4. Above: floral scroll. Below: man and woman, evidently from the same mould as those to left. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 1, 4, 10 = 17.
• Plate XXIV:

5. Female figure in transparent robe advances to left, holding vase of flowers on upraised right hand and lifting skirt with left hand. She wears a kind of close-fitting turban and large ear-rings. On three sides, procession of geese with uplifted wings; lotus-petal band below. Kharoshthi numerals: 10, 4, 1 = 15.
6. Left: female figure as in (5). Right: standing soldier (Amazon?) with spear, within pearl border, Above and below: rows of aquatic leaves or lotus petals, Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 20 = 22.
• Plate XXV:

7. Segmental title with projecting lower rim. Above: the same figure as on (5), repeated. Below: pair of figures in balcony, conversing; repeated three and a half times. Part of lower edge broken away. (Tiles 5, 6 and 7 are glazed. They show delicate modelling and appear to be of earlier date than those previously described.)
8. Left: water-carrier, realistically drawn, carrying two water-pots. Right: female wearing thin robe and stole, carries flower vase or incense-burner on upraised left hand and supports skirt with right. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 10, 20 = 32.
• Plate XXVI:

9. Segmental tile. Above: row of aquatic leaves. Below: two youthful figures (putti) supporting a heavy floral festoon. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 4 = 5.
10. Segmental tile. Above: two putti supporting a heavy floral festoon. Below: cock with foliate tail within a circle, repeated; upside down. Kharoshthi numerals: 10, 4, 1, 1, 1 (inverted) = 17.
• Plate XXVII:

11. Above: row of lotus medallions. Below: female musician wearing trousers; she plays on a drum, which is apparently slung over her left shoulder. Floral motifs on either side.
12. A dancer wearing large ear-rings and dressed in loose robe and trousers, with a long scarf held in both hands, which she waves over her head.
• Plate XXVIII:

13 and 15. Show fret borders. 14. Upper register: three musicians. The one to left plays a flute; the center one, cymbals; the third, a pair of drums. Middle register: a mounted hunter aiming an arrow at a fleeing deer. In front, a tree and hind-quarters of galloping horse (probably part of repetition of hunting incident). Lower register: a row of circular rosettes. 16. Above: repetition of part of (I) Plate XXII. Below: lotus rosette. Kharoshthi numerals: 4 (inverted). 17. Two impressions of a rectangle containing a dragon (makara) with foliate tail and crest, upraised trunk-like snout and protruding tongue. In upper right corner, a four-limbed start. 18. Above: border of geese (inverted), one with upraised wings. Below: upper part of an archer wearing conical cap.
• Plate XXIX:

19. Above: a conventional rosette. Below: a row of galloping stags and rosettes.
20. Above: lotus medallions. Below: to left, a running stag with great antlers, and rosettes in front and rear, as in 19. To right a huntsman with bow and arrow riding at full gallop. Just in front of him is part of another panel, which must have contained a stag similar to the one on the left. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 4, 20, 20, 20 = 65.
• Plate XXX:

21. Above: left, conventional fleur-de-lis. Center, rosettes. Right, circular flower vase on a tripod. Below: cocks fighting over what appears to be a lily bud.
22. In central circle, a cock, regardant, with foliate tail; surrounded by circle of roundels; the whole within rectangular frame of pearls.
• Plate XXXI:

23. Part of border moulding with enclosed palmette and hatching.
24. Fragment of medallion. Youthful figure surrounded by flowers.
25. Above: row of aquatic leaves. Below: combat between a griffin and a man holding a heavy-headed mace. Between the two is a wheel over which the two appear to be fighting.
• Plate XXXII:

26. Above: cow suckling a calf, realistically drawn; repeated. Below: floral scroll. Kharoshthi numerals: 4, 10, 20 = 34.
27. Above: cows and calves. Below: a row of fleur-de-lis. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 1 = 3.
• Plate XXXIII:

28. Above: medallion containing conventional foliate bird; repeated. Below: globular vase on moulded foot, containing lily-like flowers; repeated. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 1 = 3.
29. Roughly executed vase with flower, on stepped base (Cf. 28).
• Plate XXXIV:

30. Above: conventional fleur-de-lis with stems encircled by ring; repeated. Below: the same, reversed. Center: full-blown lotus; repeated. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 1, 10, 20, 20 = 53.
31. Medallion containing conventional cock with foliated tail; repeated.
• Plate XXXV:

32. Segmental tile. Above: conventional fleur-de-lis as 30; repeated. Center: a mtif consisting of an aquatic leaf standing on the pod of an aquatic fruit (juwar) common in Kashmir. Below: two lotus medallions. Kharoshthi numerals: 4, 1, 1 = 6.
33. Above: geese running and flapping their wings, with scarves in their bills. Second: rows of lotus petals cut at the base, with points directed outwards. Third: floral pattern with bunches of grapes. Below: row of lotus petals cut at the bases. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 20, 20 = 42.
• Plate XXXVI:

34. Architectural moulding. Right: lotus petals. Left: grape-vine scroll. (Cf. 33)
35. Architectural moulding. Right: fleur-de-lis. Left: rosette.
• Plate XXXVII:

36. Full-blown lotus surrounded by eight radiating aquatic leaves or lotus petals. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 1 = 3.
37. Full-blown lotus surrounded by eight whirling rosettes (or suns) and four aquatic leaves or lotus petals pointing to the four corners of rectangular tile.
• Plate XXXVIII:

38. A bunch of seven lotus buds with cincture round stems.
39. Below: a full-blown lotus from which rises a stem supporting three aquatic leaves.
• Plate XXXIX:

40. Below: a row of elephants in a lotus garden; one elephant is placed upside down, perhaps owing to error in the stamping of the mould. From the flower garden spring what appear to be aquatic leaves with long stems. Kharoshthi numerals: (perhaps) 1, 10, 20, 20 = 51, inverted.
41. Above: cocks fighting (Cf. 21) Below: leaves with long stems. Kharoshthi numerals: 4, 4 = 8.
• Plate XL:

42. Full-blown lotus surrounded by circle of pearls within rectangular border of pearls.
43. Rosette surrounded by circle of sunk dots and lines, within rectangular border of circle and dot.
• Plate XLI:

44. Rosette.
45. Rosette with cock regardant in center. "Herring-bone" border. Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 10 = 12.
• Plate XLII:

46. Fret border and lotus petals.
47. Terracotta pendant from necklace of colossal figure of a Bodhisattva.
• Plate XLIII: YANDRAHOM MEGALITHS
• Plate XLIV: PANDRETHAN TEMPLE
• Plate XLV: BODHISATTVA DISCOVERED AT PANDRETHAN
• Plate XLVI: MOSQUE AT PAMPUR
• Plate XLVII: TEMPLE AT LODUV
• Plate XLVIII: AVANTISVAMI TEMPLE: GENERAL VIEW FROM THE REAR
• Plate XLIX: AVANTISVAMI TEMPLE: GENERAL VIEW FROM THE FRONT
• Plate L: AVANTISVAMI TEMPLE: RELIEF ON PILASTER OF STAIR
• Plate LI: PAYAR TEMPLE
• Plate LII: TEMPLE AT NARASTAN
• Plate LIII: MARTAND TEMPLE: CENERAL VIEW
• Plate LIV: VERNAG SPRING
• Plate LV: BASEMENT OF STUPA AT PARIHASAPURA
• Plate LVI: SANRARAGAURISVARA TEMPLE AT PATAN
• Plate LVII: MINIATURE TEMPLE AT PATAN
• Plate LVIII: TERRACOTTA HEADS DISCOVERED AT USHKAR
• Plate LIX: SIVA-LINGA AT BARAMULA
• Plate LX: BUNIAR TEMPLE
• Plate LXI: SUBMERGED TEMPLE IN MANASBAL LAKE
• Plate LXII: WANGATH TEMPLES
• Plate LXIII: PANDRETHAN: PLAN OF TEMPLE
• Plate LXIII: PAYAR: PLAN OF TEMPLE
• Plate LXIV: PANDRETHAN: ELEVATION OF TEMPLE
• Plate LXV: PANDRETHAN: SECTION THROUGH TEMPLE
• Plate LXVI: PANDRETHAN: DETAIL OF TEMPLE CEILING
• Plate LXVII: PANDRETHAN: DETAIL OF TEMPLE CAPITAL
• Plate LXVII: AVANTISVAMI TEMPLE: MOULDED CAPITAL AND FLUTED SHAFT
• Plate LXVIII: AVANTISVAMI TEMPLE- PLAN
• Plate LXIX: AVANTISVAMI TEMPLE: PLAN AND ELEVATION OF PERISTYLE
• (Top) (A) Avantisvami Temple: Kirtimukha Cornice.
• (Bottom) (B) Avantisvami Temple: Section and Elevation of Plinth.
• Plate LXX: AVANTISVAMI TEMPLE: DETAILS OF CORNICE AND PLINTH
• Plate LXXI: AVANTISVAMI TEMPLE: DETAIL OF COLUMNS OF PERISTYLE
• Plate LXXII: AVANTISVAMI TEMPLE: DETAIL OF ENGACED COLUMNS
• Plate LXXIII: MARTAND: PLAN OF TEMPLE
• Plate LXXIV: PLINTH MOULDINGS OF TEMPLES
• (Bottom, Left to Right) (A) S'ankaracharya, (B) Tomb of Zain-ul-Abidin's Mother, (C) Buinar, (D) Avantisvami.
• (Top) (E) Parihasapura: Kirtimukha Cornice of Temple.
• Plate LXXV: BUNIAR: PLAN OF TEMPLE
• Plate LXXVI: BUNIAR: PLAN AND ELEVATION OF TEMPLE PERISTYLE
• Plate LXXVII: HARWAN: GENERAL SITE-PLAN OF EXCAVATIONS